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<title>Mixing engineer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixing engineer</span></span>

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<p>A <b>mixing engineer</b> (or simply <b>mix engineer</b>) is responsible for combining ("mixing") different sonic elements of an auditory piece into a complete rendition (also known as "final mix" or "mixdown"), whether in music, film, or any other content of auditory nature. The finished piece, <a href="Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recorded</a> or <a href="Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">live</a>, must achieve a good balance of properties, such as <a href="Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a>, <a href="Panning_(audio)" title="Panning (audio)">pan positioning</a>, and other effects, while resolving any arising frequency conflicts from various sound sources. These sound sources can comprise the different <a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> or <a href="Singing" title="Singing">vocals</a> in a <a href="Band_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (music)">band</a> or <a href="Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>, dialogue or <a href="Foley_(filmmaking)" title="Foley (filmmaking)">Foley</a> in a film, and more.

</p><p>The best mixing professionals typically have many years of experience and training with <a href="Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">audio equipment</a>, which has enabled them to master their craft. A mixing engineer occupies a space between artist and scientist, whose skills are used to assess the harmonic structure of sound to enable them to fashion desired <a href="Timbres" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbres">timbres</a>. Their work is found in all modern music, though ease of use and access has now enabled many artists to mix and produce their own music with just a <a href="Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> and a computer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>Mixing engineers typically begin with formal training in a music background, namely a degree in audio engineering or recording engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degrees in other relevant areas, such as those in music, or any working experiences gained outside academia can also help; for example, mixing engineers specialized in classical music may benefit from experience in performing in an orchestra to create better recordings.

</p><p>Two primary categories comprise the population of sound mixers: the live sound mixer, who practice <a href="Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">live sound mixing</a>, and the studio mixer, whose work is done inside a tuned studio instead. Gear and equipment may slightly differ between the two industries but, universally, a well-trained ear, practice on complex audio equipment, and a thorough grasp of the techniques used to create good sound distinguish the superior mixing engineer. These are traits gained through long-term practice and experience, within or without coursework.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2></div>

<p>Mixing engineers rely on their intuition in the process of mixing, but all mixers generally follow certain fundamental procedures:

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<ul><li>Analyzing the client artist's "groove", or "style", and catering technicalities to their taste</li>

<li>Identifying the most important elements (tracks or combinations of tracks) of a sound to emphasize</li>

<li>Determining how to emphasize the tracks, which often entails de-emphasizing other tracks</li>

<li>Fine-tuning the final mix, preparing for <a href="Mastering_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastering engineer">mastering</a> if necessary</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balancing_a_mix">Balancing a mix</h3></div>

<p>A mixer is given audio tracks of the individual recorded instruments to work with. They show up well after the artists or session musicians are done recording, and just have this audio to work with. Their job consists of balancing the relative impact of each audio stream, by putting them through effects processors, and having the right amount (dry/wet ratio) of each.

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<ul><li><a href="Equalization_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization</a> - The main tool of a mixing engineer is the <a href="Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a>, which changes the relationship of each <a href="Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio frequency</a>, to another, to boost or cut specific frequency ranges within the track, giving each space in the limited frequency range available from 20-20,000 <a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>, specifically, between ~400–8000 Hz, the most sensitive range of human hearing. Removing conflicting frequencies from 250–800 Hz is crucial, where interference and construction between voices can create annoying, displeasing effects, called "mud". Cuts in this area can help with artificial sounding brightness. By boosting frequencies below this range, one can give voices more fullness, or depth to them. Above this, boost can give voices presence, but only if they do not overlap with another voice's more prominent higher harmonics. Correctly placed high Q value filters will allow surgical alteration, which is necessary in the human vocal range (~300–3000 Hz), a 1 <a href="Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> boost here is equivalent in loudness to a 5-6 dB boost at the relative extremes. Key in removing mud is making the proper boosts higher up, to replace brightness lost when cutting shared frequencies. A spectrum analyzer can help in viewing harmonic structure of voices. Every mixer approaches the challenge of equalization differently, as everyone has a slightly different psychoacoustic perception of sound, and different levels of physical hearing loss.</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Dynamic range compression</a> - Compression reduces the range between a signal's lowest low and highest high. The threshold controls how much of the top is cut off. By adjusting attack and release settings, and having the right ratio, one can give a track more presence, but too much compression will destroy an otherwise pleasing track. By setting the trigger to another audio source, called side-chaining, higher levels of compression, and even hard clipping to a very small degree. This is often used in progressive music, however the effect is very artificial, really only good for one kind of pumping, syncopated sound.</li>

<li><a href="Panning_(audio)" title="Panning (audio)">Panning</a> - (L/R) settings spread the sound field out, which can create space for voices otherwise lacking. Stereo playback will result in slightly different frequency response than the signal, depending on the reverberation characteristics of the room. With modern technology, now it is often done artificially. This allows a creation of a novel resonant body. Decay time and perceived size can be controlled precisely, which, combined with control of the diffusion network, pre-filtering, and choruses, allows any resonator to be approximated. Panning changes the relative gain of each stereo track, which can create sonic space in a mix. Note that mixing only can happen after every track is set to the correct master track volume.</li>

<li>Effects - Mixing Engineers use effects such as reverb and delay to create depth and space in a recording. They can add tasteful levels of effects and creativity to make your song more interesting.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2></div>

<p>Some equipment mixing engineers might use are:

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<ul><li><a href="Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converters</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstations</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">Digital-to-analog converters</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_Range_Compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic Range Compression">Dynamic Range Compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphones</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing consoles</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencers</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal processor">Signal processors</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape machine">Tape machines</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">Audio engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">Audio mixing</a></li>

<li><a href="Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">Recording studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tingen, Paul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug07/articles/insidetrack_0807.htm">"Secrets Of The Mix Engineers: Tom Elmhirst"</a>, "<a href="Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a>" magazine, August 2007</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundbetter.com/s/mixing-engineers#insider_guide">"Choosing the Right Mixing Engineer"</a>. <i>SoundBetter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Music_technology445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li>

<li><a href="Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li>

<li><a href="Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Equalization_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li>

<li><a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li>

<li><a href="Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li>

<li><a href="Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li>

<li><a href="Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li>

<li><a href="Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li>

<li><a href="Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li>

<li><a href="Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li>

<li><a href="MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li>

<li><a href="ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li>

<li><a href="Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li>

<li><a href="Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li>

<li><a href="Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li>

<li><a href="IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li>

<li><a href="STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li>

<li><a href="High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li>

<li><a href="Media_control_symbols" title="Media control symbols">Symbols of control</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ARecord_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mixing_engineer&oldid=1273983961">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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